Electronic Cigarettes

Despite all the alarming health problems associated with smoking tobacco cigarettes, many people today are addicted and cannot find a way to give up permanently. The E-cigarette, or electronic cigarette, is a healthier alternative that many heavily addicted smokers have switched over to, says the E-cigarette industry. However, the industry has yet to produce results of large-scale randomized human studies to back their claims.

E-cigarettes, or vapor cigarettes, work by superheating a cartridge that gives the smoker a dose of nicotine in the form of water vapor. This vapor can be flavored with cherry, chocolate, vanilla, tobacco, and menthol. The body absorbs the nicotine and then exhales this water vapor, which the industry claims leaves no harm to the person or its surroundings. Sellers of E-cigarettes say the water vapor has no chemicals or carcinogens (cancer causing substances) - it cannot cause second-hand harm to others or the environment - i.e. there is no second hand smoke (passive smoking).


The industry adds that by switching to e-cigarettes, smokers will be able to use their new smoke-free device in restricted areas where tobacco smoking is forbidden, such as bars, hotel rooms, airports, and restaurants.

The Electronic Cigarette Hub claims that with these devices the user's teeth will not turn yellow and lungs will not be damaged, because they contain no tar or other harmful toxins.

Links Between Cigarette Smoking And IQ...

Researches has determined that young men who smoke are likely to have lower IQs than their non-smoking peers. Tracking 18- to 21-year-old men enlisted in the Israeli army in the largest ever study of its kind, he has been able to demonstrate an important connection between the number of cigarettes young males smoke and their IQ. 

 

The average IQ for a non-smoker was about 101, while the smokers' average was more than seven IQ points lower at about 94, the study determined. The IQs of young men who smoked more than a pack a day were lower still, at about 90. An IQ score in a healthy population of such young men, with no mental disorders, falls within the range of 84 to 116.

Making the results more significant, the study also measured effects in siblings. In the case where one brother smoked, the non-smoking brother registered a higher IQ on average.

Although a lower IQ may suggest a greater risk for smoking addiction, the cross-sectional data on IQ and smoking found that most of the smokers investigated in the study had IQs within the average range nevertheless. 

WHO CLAIMS...A article...

Smoking hookah is becoming all the rage among the younger generation in Western culture today, and has long been a popular social pastime in many Middle Eastern cultures. But the World Health Organization (WHO) now claims that smoking hookah, also known as shisha, for one hour is the equivalent of smoking 100 cigarettes, a claim that has no real basis in science.

 

Though it might not be beneficial per se, the health effects of smoking hookah have never really been studied in an objective, unbiased way. And since types of hookah tobacco vary in quality and content, as do the coals used to create smoke from this tobacco, it is difficult to truly ascertain how this popular new fad is affecting the lungs of the millions that now smoke it.

Even so, WHO has determined that hookah in general can be more dangerous than smoking cigarettes, despite the fact that hookah smoke passes through water where it is cooled and filtered prior to filling the lungs of smokers. The smoke from tobacco itself, regardless of whether it comes from a cigarette or from hookah, can cause DNA damage, which in turn can lead to cancer.But is smoking hookah really the same as smoking cigarettes, and is a single hookah smoking session really responsible for causing as much lung damage as 100 cigarettes? The evidence is truly inconclusive on this matter, as the two are very different things altogether. Cigarettes involve the literal burning of tobacco, as well as paper and various added chemicals, while hookah involves merely heating flavored tobacco, which evaporates the sugars and flavors and creates a different type of smoke.

Hardly an endorsement of smoking hookah, or cigarettes for that matter, the purpose of trying to clarify this issue is a matter of parsing fact from fiction in a world that often jumps on the bandwagon of whatever the health authorities declare to be true about the subject. And in the case of hookah, it appears as though health authorities are greatly overblowing its dangers, while remaining hypocritically silent about serious killers like artificial sweeteners, pharmaceutical drugs, processed foods, genetically-modified organisms (GMOs), low-fat diets, and toxic chemicals and pesticides.

 

Why does smoking raise cancer risk??

A must read article-

Scientists say there are over 4,000 compounds in cigarette smoke. A sizeable number of them are toxic - they are bad for us and damage our cells. Some of them cause cancer - they are carcinogenic. Mainly of them are-

1) Nicotine - this is not carcinogenic. However, it is highly addictive. Smokers find it very hard to quit because they are hooked on the nicotine. Nicotine is an extremely fast-acting drug. It reaches the brain within 15 seconds of being inhaled. If cigarettes and other tobacco products had no nicotine, the number of people who smoke every day would drop drastically. Without nicotine, the tobacco industry would collapse.

Nicotine is used as a highly controlled insecticide. Exposure to sufficient amounts can lead to vomiting, seizures, depression of the CNS (central nervous system), and growth retardation. It can also undermine a fetus' proper development.

2) Carbon Monoxide - this is a poisonous gas. It has no smell or taste. The body finds it hard to differentiate carbon monoxide from oxygen and absorbs it into the bloodstream. Faulty boilers emit dangerous carbon monoxide, as do car exhausts.

If there is enough carbon monoxide around you and you inhale it, you can go into a coma and die. Carbon monoxide decreases muscle and heart function, it causes fatigue, weakness, and dizziness. It is especially toxic for babies still in the womb, infants and indifividuals with heart or lung disease.

3) Tar - consists of several cancer-causing chemicals. When a smoker inhales cigarette smoke, 70% of the tar remains in the lungs. Try the handkerchief test. Fill the mouth with smoke, don't inhale, and blow the smoke through the handkerchief. There will be a sticky, brown stain on the cloth. Do this again, but this time inhale and the blow the smoke through the cloth, there will only be a very faint light brown stain.

Tobacco May Lower Immune System Response In Liver Transplant Recipients

 

According to the MNT... Lever Transplant recipients who smoke or have smoked increase their risk of viral hepatitis reinfection following liver transplantation according to new research available in Liver Transplantation, Findings suggest that tobacco in cigarettes may adversely affect immune system response in patients transplanted for viral hepatitis. 

 

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), tobacco use causes more than five million deaths per year worldwide, with estimates suggesting that annual mortality rates could climb to more than eight million by 2030. Previous research reports that nearly 34% of liver transplant recipients are active or former tobacco users. Moreover, medical evidence has shown that smoking increased biliary and vascular complications in the short-term, and elevated risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and sepsis-related mortality in the long-term among those receiving livers. 

   

"Organs available for transplantation are scarce, with livers particularly in short supply," explains Dr. Mamatha Bhat from McGill University in Canada. "Transplant centers need to take an active role in identifying and minimizing risks to the success of liver transplantation." In the present study, researchers assessed the impact of smoking on incidence of complications, such as recurrent viral hepatitis, following liver transplantation.

 

Analysis of demographic characteristics and post-transplantation complications was performed on data from primary liver transplant recipients over a 14-year period. Using data from the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) Liver Transplant database, the team identified 444 patients who received liver transplants between 1990 and 2004, of which 63 were repeat transplants. The mean age of liver recipients was 55 years and 66% were male with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 27.

Results show that 23% of transplant recipients were active or ex-smokers and 78% were non-smokers. Of those who ever smoked, 78% were male and 88% were Caucasian. The cause of liver disease was likely to be alcohol related in 29% of smokers or ex-smokers compared to 16% non-smokers. Researchers estimated the median survival time for smokers following transplantation was just over 13 years. 

 

Further analysis shows that the recurrent viral hepatitis-free survival time was less than one year for smokers and close to five years for non-smokers. The team found that patient survival, and time to biliary complications, first rejection and depression post-transplantation was not linked to smoking status. However, recurrent viral hepatitis-free survival was strongly associated with smoking.

"Our findings suggest that recurrence of viral hepatitis may be more frequent among liver transplant recipients who are active or former smokers," concludes Dr. Bhat. "Encouraging preoperative smoking cessation may be beneficial in improving patient outcomes following transplantation." The authors stress that their findings do not suggest the denial of liver transplantation, but that transplant specialists be more vigilant in monitoring for complications in those candidates who continue to smoke. They call for validation of their results in larger studies that examine the effects of smoking and other potential modifiable risks.

 

Cigarettes Cut About 10 Years Off Life

A MUST READ ARTICLE FROM THE WASHINGTON POST COMPANY.

According to the British Survey of Smoking Doctors Cigarettes Cut About 10 Years Off Life.

Fifty years after British researchers published the first study firmly linking cigarette smoking to lung cancer, the same scientist following the same group of British doctors has reported the most detailed and long-term results ever of the health effects of smoking.A life of cigarette smoking will be, on average, 10 years shorter than a life without it.

While the lethal effects of cigarette smoking have long been known, the new study, published yesterday in the British Medical Journal, is the first to quantify the damage over the lifetime of a generation. The effects, the researchers reported, were "much larger than had previously been suspected."

In the 50-year study of a group of almost 35,000 British doctors, the pioneering epidemiologist Richard Doll, who is now 91, and his colleagues found that almost half of all persistent cigarette smokers were killed by their habit, and a quarter died before age 70.

The study also found, however, that kicking the cigarette habit had equally dramatic effects. He found, for instance, that someone who stops smoking by age 30 has the same average life expectancy as a nonsmoker, and someone who stops at 50 will lose four, rather than 10, years of life.

The consequence of the tobacco "epidemic" has been to undercut great strides in public health that would otherwise have kept millions more people alive, the researchers said.

Doll began studying smoking among British doctors in 1951, and the research has continued every decade since, with the final study begun in 2001. At that time, almost 6,000 of the doctors first studied in 1951 were still alive.

The effects of smoking show up especially starkly after age 60. At 70, the study found, 88 percent of nonsmokers were still alive, compared with 71 percent of smokers. And at age 80, 65 percent of nonsmokers were alive but only 32 percent of smokers were.

To look at the data another way, a 70-year-old who never smoked has a 33 percent probability of living to 90. For a 70-year old smoker, the probability of living 20 more years is only 7 percent.

The researchers also found that a subset of British doctors, born around 1920, died of tobacco-related illnesses at a much higher rate than others -- accounting for almost two-thirds of all deaths. The researchers report that the men, who were young soldiers during World War II, smoked more because they could buy low-cost cigarettes from the government during the war and became more addicted to tobacco.

Doll and Peto said that while the harm of smoking is dramatic, so is the benefit from quitting. According to their findings, a person who stops smoking at 60 will have a life expectancy three years longer than someone who continues; a 40-year-old will have a life expectancy nine years longer; and a 30-year-old will have a life expectancy no different from that of a nonsmoker.

The researchers found that cigarette smoking changes the pattern of genes expressed in lung cells, and that the changes return to normal in some people who stop smoking, but not in others.

Avrum Spira and colleagues found that 97 bronchial cell genes were expressed differently in smokers than in people who had never smoked. Some of those changes increased the expression of genes that can lead to cancer growth, and other changes decreased the expression of suppressor genes that keep cancers at bay.

Former smokers who had stopped at least two years before the study generally had gene patterns similar to those seen in nonsmokers, while those who quit more recently had gene patterns that resembled those of current smokers.

Dental problems caused by Tobbaco use

Most of us know that smoking is bad for our health, but did you know that smoking is also a major contributor to many dental problems? Cigarettes aren't the only products only to blame. All forms of tobacco, including cigars, smokeless tobacco and hookah water pipes, pose dental health concerns.

Dental Problems Associated with Tobacco Use...

1) Greatly increases the risk for oral cancer, a disease that progresses rapidly and can be deadly if not diagnosed and treated early.

2) Increases the risk of gum disease, which is one of the leading causes of tooth loss in adults.

3) (Smoking in particular) can slow down healing after oral surgery procedures, such as having a tooth pulled.

4) Can damage gum tissue and cause receding gums, leaving the roots of the teeth exposed. This could increase the risk of tooth decay and cause hot/cold sensitivity.

5) Can cause bad breath. 

6) Causes stains on teeth that can't be removed with regular brushing.

 7) Can cause a build up of tartar, which could require you to get more frequent dental cleanings.

Hydrogen Cyanide in Cigarette Smoke..

Cigarettes can contain up to 599 possible additives, all of which are approved for use by the various researches.

When the ingredients in cigarettes are burned, they produce a whole host of chemical compounds, many of which are poisonous and/or carcinogenic. Hydrogen cyanide, a colorless, poisonous gas, is one of the toxic byproducts present in cigarette smoke.


Hydrogen cyanide was used as a genocidal agent during World War II. While no one would willingly breathe hydrogen cyanide into their lungs, smokers do it multiple times with every cigarette they inhale. And because hydrogen cyanide is present in secondhand smoke, nonsmokers are also at risk of breathing in this poison when they are exposed to cigarette smoke. Smoking cigarettes is probably a major source of cyanide exposure for people who do not work in cyanide-related industries.

In manufacturing, cyanide is present in the chemicals used to make numerous products such as paper, textiles and plastics. In gaseous form, cyanide is used in pesticides to exterminate rats and other undesirable vermin.

While it is unlikely that a person would suffer cyanide poisoning from cigarette smoke, breathing in small amounts of hydrogen cyanide may cause:

• headache
• dizziness
• weakness
• nausea
• vomiting

 Larger amounts may cause:

• gasping
• irregular heartbeats
• seizures
• fainting
• rapid death

Generally, the more serious the exposure, the more severe the symptoms. Similar symptoms may be produced when solutions of cyanide are ingested or come in contact with the skin.

Treatment for hydrogen cyanide poisoning includes breathing pure oxygen, and in the case of serious symptoms, treatment with specific cyanide antidotes. Persons with serious symptoms will need to be hospitalized.

Menthol ciggrettes

A menthol cigarette is a cigarette flavored with the compound menthol, a substance which triggers the cold-sensitive nerves in the skin without actually providing a drop in temperature. Menthol cigarettes have also been shown to inhibit nicotine metabolism, causing "systemic enhancement in exposure to nicotine".

Menthol cigarettes were first developed by Lloyd “Spud” Hughes in 1925, though the idea did not become popular until the Axton-Fisher Tobacco Company acquired the patent in 1927, marketing them nationwide as "Spud Menthol Cooled Cigarettes". Spud brand menthol cigarettes went on to become the 5th most popular brand in the U.S. by 1932,and it remained the only menthol cigarette on the market until the Brown & Williamson Tobacco Company created the Kool brand in 1933. R.J. Reynolds Company launched the first menthol filter-tip cigarettes in 1950 under the Salem brand..


Menthol versus regular cigarettes: Which is more harmful?

Menthol, a mint-derived substance, causes skin to feel cooler by arousing nerve endings that sense cold temperatures. Cigarette manufacturers use menthol because it mellows the taste of burning cigarettes. Interestingly, intake of menthol is pretty safe. Animal studies indicate that high doses of menthol distributed over a long period of time do not cause observable organ toxicities. Even when burned, menthol doesn't produce carcinogens. Menthol ingestion from cigarettes is carried to the liver, where it is broken down into harmless chemicals that are then excreted from the body.

Some research suggests that those who smoke menthol cigarettes take in a higher concentration of carcinogens and experience more smoking-related illnesses than do people who smoke regular cigarettes. This may be because when smoking menthol cigarettes, the pleasant, cooling sensation causes the user to inhale more tobacco smoke with each drag. This extra intake of carcinogenic substances by menthol smokers may be the cause of higher incidences of smoking-related sicknesses. As a result, menthol cigarette smokers may become more quickly addicted and also may smoke more cigarettes than those who smoke non-mentholated cigarettes. The cycle repeats, with smokers continuing to smoke more cigarettes to feed the addiction. Thus, smokers of menthol cigarettes have a higher rate of smoking-related ailments than smokers of regular cigarettes

This theory includes variables on a person-to-person basis, since the amounts of smoke per drag differs, as do the types and brands of cigarettes smoked. The design of the cigarette can even change how much smoke people can inhale each time (i.e., filtered vs. unfiltered). Regardless of these variables, the bottom line still stands: any type of smoking is harmful to one's health, even if someone is not inhaling, or if s/he is inhaling second-hand smoke. People can develop mouth or throat cancer as easily as lung cancer or other smoking-related illnesses.

Interestingly, some studies indicate that menthol cigarette users are more apt to be minorities. For example, one study shows that 65 percent or more of African-American smokers choose to use menthol cigarettes, compared to only 25 - 30 percent of Caucasian smokers. Marketing plays a major role in influencing people to choose menthol cigarettes to smoke.

So please quit Smoking and Save Life,,

Passive Smoking

 

Passive smoking is the inhalation of smoke, called second-hand smoke (SHS), or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), by persons other than the intended 'active' smoker. It occurs when tobacco smoke permeates any environment, causing its inhalation by people within that environment. Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke causes disease, disability, and death.The health risks of second-hand smoke are a matter of scientific consensus^. These risks have been a major motivation for smoke-free laws in workplaces and indoor public places, including restaurants, bars and night clubs, as well as some open public spaces..

 

Risk To Childrens..

• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).In his 2006 report, the US Surgeon General concludes: "The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and sudden infant death syndrome." Secondhand smoking has been estimated to be associated with 430 SIDS deaths in the United States annually.

• Asthma

• Lung infections also including more severe illness with bronchiolitis and bronchitis and worse outcome, as well as increased risk of developing tuberculosis if exposed to a carrier In the United States, it is estimated that second hand smoke has been associated with between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year.

• Impaired respiratory function and slowed lung growth.

• Diggerent types of allergies.

• Crohn's disease.

• Learning difficulties, developmental delays, and neurobehavioral effects. Animal models suggest a role for nicotine and carbon monoxide in neurocognitive problems.

• An increase in tooth decay (as well as related salivary biomarkers) has been associated with passive smoking in children.

• Increased risk of middle ear infections.

Copyright: Medical News Today

In the U.S about 500,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases.

Written by Catharine Paddoc.... 

By using gene therapy to create a novel antibody that gobbles up nicotine before it reaches the brain in mice, scientists say they may have found a potential smoking vaccine against cigarette addiction. However, there is still a long way to go before the new therapy can be tested in humans.

In a study reported in the journal Science Translational Medicine this week, Researchers at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City show how a single dose of the vaccine protected mice, over their lifetime, against nicotine addiction.

The addictive properties of the nicotine in tobacco smoke is a huge barrier to success with current smoking cessation approaches, say the authors in their paper.

Previous work using gene therapy vaccination in mice to treat certain eye disorders and tumors, gave them the idea a similar approach might work against nicotine.

The new anti-nicotine vaccine is based on an adeno-associated virus (AAV) engineered to be harmless. The virus carries two pieces of genetic information: one that causes anti-nicotine monoclonal antibodies to be created, and the other that targets its insertion into the nucleus of specific cells in the liver, the hepatocytes.

The result is the animal's liver becomes a factory continuously producing antibodies that gobble up the nicotine as soon as it enters the bloodstream, denying it the opportunity to enter the brain.

 

The researchers write:

"In mice treated with this vector, blood concentrations of the anti-nicotine antibody were dose-dependent, and the antibody showed high specificity and affinity for nicotine."

 

Regular blood measurements showed the vaccine was being produced at high levels continuously for at least 18 weeks.

 

The researchers found that the antibodies shielded the brain from nicotine they systematically gave to the mice, reducing brain nicotine levels to 15% of those of mice that had not been vaccinated.

Using infrared beams in the animal cages, the researchers measured the physical activity of mice treated with nicotine and the vaccine, and another group that received nicotine but no vaccine.

 

The nicotine plus vaccine group showed no change in physical activity, from before the treatment to after. The nicotine only group showed a marked change: they relaxed and their blood pressure and heart rate lowered, signs that the nicotine had reached the brain and cardiovascular system to produce the "chilled out" effect familiar to smokers.

 

The authors write that treatment with the vaccine, "blocked nicotine-mediated alterations in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and locomotor activity".

 

Lead investigator Dr Ronald G Crystal , chairman and professor of Genetic Medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College, told the press:

 

"As far as we can see, the best way to treat chronic nicotine addiction from smoking is to have these Pacman-like antibodies on patrol, clearing the blood as needed before nicotine can have any biological effect."

 

"Our vaccine allows the body to make its own monoclonal antibodies against nicotine, and in that way, develop a workable immunity," he added.

 

Other groups have developed nicotine vaccines, but they failed in clinical trials because they deliver nicotine antibodies directly. These only last a few weeks and the injections, which are expensive, have to be given again and again, said Crystal.

 

The other disadvantage of these previous approaches, which use a passive vaccine, is that the results are not consistent, and different people may need different doses, especially if they start smoking again, he added.

 

Crystal said although so far they have only tested their new vaccine in mice, they are hopeful it will help the millions of smokers who have tried to stop, but find their addiction to nicotine is so strong, none of the cessation methods currently available can overcome it.

 

Research shows that 70 to 80% of quitters start smoking again within 6 months, said Crystal.

 

The team is getting ready to test the new vaccine in rats and primates. If those trials are successful, then they can start working towards human trials.

 

If the vaccine successfully completes this long journey, Crystal thinks it will work best for smokers who are really keen to quit.

 

"They will know if they start smoking again, they will receive no pleasure from it due to the nicotine vaccine, and that can help them kick the habit," he said.

 

He said they would also be interested in seeing if the vaccine could be used to prevent nicotine addiction in the first place, but that is only a theory at this point, he noted.

 

1 in 5 adult Americans smokes. Cigarettes contain 4,000 chemicals harmful to health, leading to diseases that are responsible for 20% of deaths in the US. But it is only one of them, nicotine, that keeps smokers hooked..

 

To Quit is to live...

Its easy to Quit Smoking..

There are many different ways to give up smoking. Some experts advocate using pharmacological products to help wean you off nicotine, others say all you need is a good counselor and support group, or an organized program. To add to the confusion, you may find there is a study that says this way works better than that one, and then when you look again, you find there is another study that says, no, that one works better than this one.

But one thing most experts agree on is that a combination works best. For example, nicotine replacement therapy on its own, or counseling on its own is not as effective as a combination of the two..

Pharmacological quit smoking products..Try them..

There are more than 4,000 harmful chemicals in tobacco. Nicotine is the one that makes you addicted to smoking. The idea of nicotine replacement products is to help you gradually wean yourself off nicotine. They deliver a small amount of nicotine to relieve the symptoms of withdrawal. Giving up the replacement product is easier than giving up smoking.

Nicotine replacement products come in many forms, the main ones being:

• Nicotine gum,

• Nicotine patch,

• Nicotine nasal spray  and

• Nicotine inhaler.

Proper use of such products can often be the key to successfully quitting for good. Here is an example of how it works:

Stage 1: Stop smoking (NEVER use nicotine replacement products if you are still smoking).

Stage 2: Use nicotine replacement therapy (having first consulted an expert about the best product and dose for you) to help manage your cravings. Gradually reduce the dose in line with the program you are following.

Stage 3: Meanwhile, seek out and start on a support program, such as counseling or group therapy. Make sure you discuss your use of nicotine replacement products in your counseling so the two therapies work with each other.

Aim to be free of both cigarettes and the nicotine replacement product within three to six months.

To decide which product is most likely to help you, talk to a qualified expert. Go and see your doctor, he or she may advise you, or refer you to a smoking cessation expert who knows about appropriate use of nicotine replacement products.

Knowing how dependent you are on nicotine can help you decide whether you wish to use replacement products..

Social Smokers

Who are Social Smokers???

Today’s smoking culture includes a subpopulation of smokers called “social smokers”. Although there may be different explanations of what a social smoker is, many college students define “social smokers” as those who use tobacco in more social activities and find it essential for socializing, rather than using tobacco on a regular basis, dictated by nicotine dependence . Social smokers don’t believe that they are addicted to smoking, or worried about the social acceptability of their smoking habits . In a study conducted in 2004, 51% of current college smokers stated that they primarily smoked with other people and in social activities. 71% of occasional smokers smoked in a social situation, compared to daily smokers, 19% of which smoke in social environment. Students who started smoking within the past two years of the study were more than twice as likely to be social smokers than students who had been smoking for a longer period of time prior to the study. Characteristics of social smokers have been found to include more females and non-Hispanic whites, than other demographic characteristics and spent more time socializing with friends, were binge drinkers and had a high importance for the arts. Lastly, social smokers don’t perceive themselves at risk to tobacco related illnesses, nor believe they will ever become nicotine dependent. Since social smokers don’t think they’ll become dependent on nicotine, they don’t plan on quitting during college, but have intentions to quit once they graduate.

 

Smoking and perceived gender disparities...

Studies have shown that there are social differences in the smoking behaviors of males and females in college. In a 2006 study, qualitative analysis data showed that males and females have certain perceptions of their sex or the opposite sex smoking. From both male and female students’ perspectives, there were negative feelings towards women smoking and it was considered “unlady like”. However, if men were smoking, the perception was positive, and they were considered cool or gave off a tough-guy image. In addition to drinking alcohol at parties, male students appeared in control if they had a cigarette in the other hand. Even though there were negative perceptions of female students smoking, smoking at parties is considered more of a female behavior rather than a male behavior. Despite negative perceptions of females smoking, students thought that when females smoke in groups of girlfriends it wasn’t trashy. Rather, when female students smoked in groups of girlfriends it appeared as though individual’s smoking habits were regulated by the group, instead of the individual’s dependence on nicotine. These perceived gender differences are inextricably linked with social environments where smoking and alcohol consumption occur. The perceptions of cigarette smoking in male and female students reflect similar perceptions of alcohol use in college students.

 

List of Chemicals and there quantity per Cigarette..

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the following are known human carcinogens found in cigarette smoke:-

Chemical	Amount (per cigarette)
Acetaldehyde:-	980 micrograms to 1.37 milligrams
Acrylonitrile:-	formerly 1 to 2 milligrams. This product was used as a fumigant in tobacco. Its use has since been discontinued.
4-Aminobiphenyl:-	0.2 to 23 nanograms per cigarette
o-Anisidine hydrochloride:-	unknown
Arsenic:-	unknown
Benzene:-	5.9 to 75 micrograms
Beryllium:-	0.5 nanograms
1,3-Butadiene:-	152 to 400 micrograms
Cadmium:-	1.7 micrograms
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine:-	unknown
Ethylene oxide:-	unknown
Formaldehyde:-	unknown
Furan:-	unknown
Heterocyclic amines:-	unknown
Hydrazine:-	32 micrograms
Isoprene:-	3.1 milligrams
Lead:-	unknown
2-Naphthylamine:-	1.5 to 35 nanograms
Nitromethane:-	unknown
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine:-	3 nanograms
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine:-	24 to 36 nanograms
N-Nitrosodiethylamine:-	up to 8.3 nanograms
N-Nitrosodimethylamine:-	5.7 to 43 nanograms
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine:-	1 nanogram
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone:-	up to 4.2 micrograms
N-Nitrosonornicotine:-	14 micrograms
N-Nitrosopiperidine:-	unknown
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine:-	113 nanograms
N-Nitrososarcosine:-	22 to 460 nanograms
Polonium-210:-	depends on soil and fertilizer used to grow tobacco
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:-	28 to 100 milligrams
o-Toluidine:-	32 nanograms
Vinyl chloride:-	5.6 to 27 nanograms

About Nicotine

 

Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae); biosynthesis takes place in the roots and accumulation occurs in the leaves. It constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco and is present in the range of 2–7 µg/kg of various edible plants.It functions as an antiherbivore chemical; therefore, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine analogs such as imidacloprid are currently widely used

 

In low doses (an average cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed nicotine), the substance acts as a stimulant in mammals, while high amounts (30–60 mg) can be fatal.This stimulant effect is the main factor responsible for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco smoking. According to the American Heart Association, nicotine addiction has historically been one of the hardest addictions to break, while the pharmacological and behavioral characteristics that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those determining addiction to heroin and cocaine. The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has slowly increased over the years, and one study found that there was an average increase of 1.6% per year between the years of 1998 and 2005. This was found for all major market categories of cigarettes.

 

Research in 2011 has found that nicotine inhibits chromatin-modifying enzymes (class I and II histone deacetylases) which increases the ability of cocaine to cause an addiction.

 

Classic Filter Kings is a premium brand of cigarettes launched in India by ITC Limited in 1979. At the time the Indian cigarette market was mainly dominated by plains and Regular Size Filter Tipped, with king size contributing barely 5% of the total market.

The Classic cigarette was initially 83 mm in length and 24.55 mm in diameter with the pack. Later ITC increased the cigarette length from 83 mm to 84 mm, the diameter increased from 24.5 mm to 24.75 mm. Imported cigarette paper, better board and therefore better pack quality, embossed name and crest added to the value of the brand.

The years 1993-95 saw the growth of Classic from 1.5 mnc to 5.4 mnc. This was possibly a result of the brand’s enhanced international appearance. And Classic took further strides towards internationalism with the introduction of Classic Milds and Classic Menthol. In 1996, Classic Ultra Milds was added to the Classic family.The trademark was promoted not only by launching new variants but also through designing new packaging.

 

    List of Varieties

• Classic Full Flavour

• Classic Milds

• Classic Ultramilds

• Classic Menthol

• Classic Riviera Whiff

• Classic Taste Treasures

• Classic Kafeato

• Classic Menthol Rush 

Camel Cigarettes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Camel is a brand of cigarettes that was introduced by American company R.J. Reynolds Tobacco in the summer of 1913. Most current Camel cigarettes contain a blend of Turkish tobacco and Virginia tobacco. Early in 2008 the blend was changed as was the package design.

   

USA Varities of Camel 

Camel Unfiltered
Camel Filters
Camel Filters Wides
Camel Filters 99's
Camel Blue (Lights)
Camel Blue Wides (Lights)
Camel Blue 99's (Lights)
Camel Platinum (Silver) (Ultra Lights)
Camel Platinum (Silver) 99's (Ultra Lights)
Camel Menthol
Camel Menthol Wides
Camel Menthol Silver (Lights)
Camel Menthol Green Wides (Lights)
Camel Crush
Camel Crush Bold
Camel Turkish Royal (full flavor blend)
Camel Turkish Gold (lights blend)
Camel Turkish Silver (ultra lights blend)
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Kretek Cigarette

Kretek Cigarette's

 Gudang Garam (Indonesian for "salt warehouse") is a major Indonesian Taiwanese kretek (clove cigarette) manufacturer. It was founded on 26 June 1958 by Tjoa Ing Hwie, who changed his name to Surya Wonowidjojo. In 1984, control of the company was passed to Wonowidjojo's son, Rachman Halim, who subsequently became the richest man in Indonesia. Halim headed the company until his death in 2008.Gudang Garam as the cigarette companies have an affiliation company, Head, since 2007 until 2012.

Kretek are cigarettes made with a blend of tobacco, cloves and other flavors. The word "kretek" itself is an onomatopoetic term for the crackling sound of burning cloves. Haji Jamahri, a resident of Kudus, Java, created kreteks in the early 1880s as a means to deliver the eugenol of cloves to the lungs, as it was thought to help asthma Jamahri believed the eugenol cured his chest pains and he started to market his invention to the village, but he died of lung cancer before he could mass market it. M. Nitisemito took his place and began to commercialize the new cigarettes. Today, kretek manufacturers directly employ over 180,000 people in Indonesia and an additional 10 million indirectly.

Partly due to favorable taxation compared to "white" cigarettes, kreteks are by far the most widely-smoked form of cigarettes in Indonesia, where about 90% of smokers usually smoke kreteks. In Indonesia, there are hundreds of kretek manufacturers, including small local makers and major brands. Most of the widely-known international brands, including Bentoel, Djarum, Gudang Garam, Jakarta, Sampoerna, Nojorono and Wismilak, originate from Indonesia. Nat Sherman of the United States produces cigarettes branded as "A Touch of Clove" but they are not true kreteks since they contain clove flavoring in the filter rather than actual clove spice mixed with the tobacco.

The common name for the remains of a cigarette after smoking is a cigarette butt. The butt typically comprises about 30 percent of the cigarette's original length. It consists of a tissue tube which holds a filter and some remains of tobacco mixed with ash. Cigarette butts are the most numerically frequent litter in the world. Cigarette butts accumulate outside of buildings, on parking lots, and streets where they can be transported through storm drains to streams, rivers, and beaches.

Overview

Cigarettes like other tobacco products, do carry serious health effects with them. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive chemical in tobacco and therefore cigarettes, is addictive. About half of cigarette smokers die of tobacco-related disease and lose on average 14 years of life. Cigarette use by pregnant women has also been shown to cause birth defects, including mental and physical disabilities. Second-hand smoke from cigarettes has been shown to be injurious to bystanders,which has led to legislation that has banned their smoking in many workplaces and public areas. Cigarettes are the most frequent source of fires leading to loss of lives in private homes, which has prompted the European Union and the United States to ban cigarettes that are not fire standard compliant by 2011.

About Ciggrette's...

A cigarette (from the French for "small cigar". Cigar comes, through the Spanish and Portuguese cigarro, from the Mayan siyar; "to smoke rolled tobacco leaves") is a small roll of finely cut tobacco leaves wrapped in a cylinder of thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder; its smoke is inhaled from the other end, which is held in or to the mouth and in some cases a cigarette holder may be used as well. Most modern manufactured cigarettes are filtered and include reconstituted tobacco and other additives.

The term cigarette, as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but can apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as cloves or cannabis. A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its smaller size, use of processed leaf, and paper wrapping, which is normally white, though other colors are occasionally available. Cigars are typically composed entirely of whole-leaf tobacco.

Rates of cigarette smoking vary widely, and have changed considerably over the course of history — since cigarettes were first widely used in the mid-20th century. While rates of smoking have over time leveled off or declined in the developed world, they continue to rise in developing nations.....